Writing Queue Data Structure In C++

on the same line of our previous post, here is how to write Queue in c++:

[cpp]
<pre>
#include <iostream.h>

struct node
{
int data;
node *link;
};

class queue
{
private:
node *front, *rear;

public:

queue()
{
front = rear = NULL;
}

void addq(int item)
{
node *temp;

temp = new node;

if(temp == NULL)
cout << endl << "Queue is full";

temp->data = item;
temp->link = NULL;

if(front == NULL)
{
rear = front = temp;
return;
}

rear->link = temp;
rear = rear->link;
}

int delq()
{
if(front == NULL)
{
cout << endl << "Queue is empty";
return;
}

node *temp;
int item;

item = front->data;
temp = front;
front = front->link;
delete temp;
return item;
}

~queue()
{
if(front == NULL)
return;
node *temp;
while(front != NULL)
{
temp = front;
front = front->link;
delete temp;
}
}
};</pre>
[/cpp]

Writing Stack Data Structure in C++

on the same line of our previous post, here is how to write Stack in c++:

[cpp]
//stack program
#include <iostream.h>

struct node
{
int data;
node *link;
};

class stack
{
private:
node *top;

public:

stack()
{
top = NULL;
}

void push(int item)
{
node *temp;

temp = new node;
if(temp == NULL)
cout << endl << "Stack is full";

temp->data = item;
temp->link = top;
top = temp;
}

int pop()
{
if(top == NULL)
{
cout << endl << "Stack is empty";
return NULL;
}

node *temp;
int item;

temp = top;
item = temp->data;
top = top->link;
delete temp;
return item;
}

~stack()
{
if(top == NULL)
return;

node *temp;

while(top != NULL)
{
temp = top;
top = top->link;
delete temp;
}

}
};//end class stack

void main()
{
stack a;

s.push(4);
s.push(26);
s.push(12);
s.push(7);
s.push(19);
s.push(90);

int i = s.pop();
cout << endl << "Item popped = " << i;

i = s.pop();
cout << endl << "Item popped = " << i;

i = s.pop();
cout << endl << "Item popped = " << i;
}
[/cpp]

Writing Tree data structure in C++

I was browsing through the Facebook and encountered ProudEngineers page. The implementation provided there is awesome.
After going through it, I couldn't resist to mention on this blog so that our readers like you could also benefit from it.
Here is the code:
[cpp]
#include <iostream.h>

#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0

class tree
{

	private:

		struct node
		{
			node *l;
			int data;
			node *r;
		}*p;

	public:

		tree();
		void search(int n, int &found, node * &parent);
		void insert(int n);
		void traverse();
		void in(node *q);
		void pre(node *q);
		void post(node *q);
		int operator == (tree t);
		int compare(node *pp, node *qq);
		void operator = (tree t);
		node * copy (node * q);
};

tree::tree()
{
	p = NULL;
}

void tree::search(int n, int &found, node * &parent)
{
	node *q;
	found = FALSE;
	parent = NULL;

	if(p == NULL)
		return;

	q = p;
	while(q != NULL)
	{
		if(q->data == n)
		{
			found = TRUE;
			return;
		}

		if(q->data > n)
		{
			parent = q;
			q = q->l;
		}
		else
		{
			parent = q;
			q = q->r;
		}

	}
}

void tree::insert(int n)
{
	int found;
	node *t,*parent;

	search(n, found, parent);

	if(found == TRUE)
		cout << endl << "such a node already exists";
	else
	{
		t = new node;
		t->data = n;
		t->l = NULL;
		t->r = NULL;

		if(parent == NULL)
			p = t;
		else
			parent->data > n?parent->l = t:parent->r = t;
	}
}

void tree::traverse()
{
	int choice;

	cout << endl << "1. Inorder"
		<< endl << "2. Preorder"
		<< endl << "3. Postorder"
		<< endl << "Your choice ";
	cin >> choice;

	switch(choice)
	{
		case 1:
			in(p);
			break;

		case 2:
			pre(p);
			break;

		case 3:
			post(p);
			break;
	}

}

void tree::in(node *q)
{
	if(q != NULL)
	{
		in(q->l);
		cout << "\t" << q->data;
		in(q->r);
	}
}

void tree::pre(node *q)
{
	if(q != NULL)
	{
		cout << "\t" << q->data;
		pre(q->l);
		pre(q->r);
	}
}

void tree::post(node *q)
{
	if(q != NULL)
	{
		post(q->l);
		post(q->r);
		cout << "\t" << q->data;
	}
}

int tree::operator == (tree t)
{
	int flag;

	flag = compare(p, t.p);
	return flag;
}

int tree::compare(node *pp, node *qq)
{
	static int flag;

	if((pp == NULL) && (qq == NULL))
		flag = TRUE;
	else
	{
		if((pp != NULL) && (qq != NULL))
		{
			if(pp->data != qq->data)
				flag = FALSE;
			else
			{
				compare(pp->l,qq->l);
				compare(pp->r,qq->r);
			}
		}
	}

	return (flag);
}

void tree::operator = (tree t)
{
	p = copy(t.p);
}

tree::node * tree:: copy(node *q)
{
	node *t;

	if(q != NULL)
	{
		t = new node;
		t->data = q->data;
		t->l = copy(q->l);
		t->r = copy(q->r);
		return (t);
	}
	else
		return (NULL);
}

void main()
{
	tree tt, ss;
	int i, num;

	for(i=0; i <= 6; i++)
	{
		cout << endl << "Enter data for the node to be inserted : ";
		cin >> num;
		tt.insert(num);
	}

	tt.traverse();
	ss = tt;
	ss.traverse();

	if(ss == tt)
		cout << endl << "Trees are equal";
	else
		cout << endl << "Trees are unequal";
}
[/cpp]

Apple iOS5 features

iOS 5 Software Update

This update contains over 200 new features, including the following:

Notifications
    ◦    Swipe from the top of any screen to view notifications in one place with Notification Center
    ◦    New notifications appear briefly at the top of the screen
    ◦    View notifications from lock screen
    ◦    Slide the notification app icon to the right on the lock screen to go directly to the app

 iMessage
    ◦    Send and receive unlimited text, photo, and video messages with other iOS 5 users
    ◦    Track messages with delivery and read receipts
    ◦    Group messaging and secure encryption
    ◦    Works over cellular network and Wi-Fi*

 Newsstand
    ◦    Automatically organizes magazine and newspaper subscriptions on Home Screen
    ◦    Displays the cover of the latest issue
    ◦    Background downloads of new issues
    •    Reminders for managing to do lists
    ◦    Syncs with iCloud, iCal and Outlook
    ◦    Location-based reminders when you leave or arrive at a location for iPhone 4S and iPhone 4

Built-in support for Twitter
    ◦    Sign-in once in Settings and tweet directly from Camera, Photos, Maps, Safari and YouTube
    ◦    Add location to any tweet
    ◦    View twitter profile pictures and usernames in Contacts
 

Camera improvements for devices with cameras
    ◦    Double click the home button when device is asleep to bring up a camera shortcut on iPhone 4S, iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS and iPod touch (4th generation)
    ◦    Volume Up button to take a picture
    ◦    Optional grid lines to line up shots
    ◦    Pinch to zoom in the preview screen
    ◦    Swipe to camera roll from preview screen
    ◦    Tap and hold to lock focus and exposure, iPad 2 and iPod touch (4th generation) only support exposure lock

Photo improvements for devices with cameras
    ◦    Crop and rotate
    ◦    Red eye removal
    ◦    One tap enhance
    ◦    Organize photos into albums

Mail improvements
    ◦    Format text using bold, italic, or underlined fonts
    ◦    Indentation control
    ◦    Drag to rearrange names in address fields
    ◦    Flag messages
    ◦    Mass mark messages as flagged, read or unread
    ◦    Customize mail alert sounds
    ◦    S/MIME

Calendar improvements
    ◦    Year view on iPad and new Week view for iPhone and iPod touch
    ◦    Tap to create an event
    ◦    View and add event attachments

Game Center improvements
    ◦    Use personal photos for your Game Center account
    ◦    Compare your overall achievement scores with your friends
    ◦    Find new Game Center friends with friend recommendations and friends of friends
    ◦    Discover new games with custom game recommendations

AirPlay Mirroring for iPad 2 and iPhone 4S

Multitasking Gestures for iPad
    ◦    Use four or five fingers to pinch to the Home Screen
    ◦    Swipe up to reveal the multitasking bar
    ◦    Swipe left or right to switch between apps

On-device setup, activation and configuration with Setup Assistant

Software updates available over the air without tethering

iCloud support
    ◦    iTunes in the Cloud
    ◦    Photo Stream
    ◦    Documents in the Cloud
    ◦    Apps and Books automatic download and purchase history
    ◦    Backup
    ◦    Contacts, Calendar, and Mail
    ◦    Find My iPhone

Redesigned Music app for iPad

Hourly weather forecast

Real-time stock quotes

Wireless sync to iTunes

Keyboard improvements
    ◦    Split keyboard for iPad
    ◦    Improved autocorrection accuracy
    ◦    Improved Chinese and Japanese input
    ◦    New Emoji keyboard
    ◦    Personal dictionary for autocorrection
    ◦    Optionally create keyboard short cuts for frequently used words

Accessibility improvements
    ◦    Option to light LED flash on incoming calls and alerts for iPhone 4S and iPhone 4
    ◦    Custom vibration patterns for incoming calls on iPhone
    ◦    New interface for using iOS with mobility-impairment input devices
    ◦    Option to speak a selection of text
    ◦    Custom element labeling for VoiceOver

Exchange ActiveSync improvements
    ◦    Wirelessly sync tasks
    ◦    Mark messages as flagged, read or unread
    ◦    Improved offline support
    ◦    Save a new contact from a GAL service

More than 1,500 new developer APIs

Bug fixes

Products compatible with this software update:
    •    iPhone 4S
    •    iPhone 4
    •    iPhone 3GS
    •    iPad 2
    •    iPad
    •    iPod touch (4th generation)
    •    iPod touch (3rd generation)

* Normal carrier data rates may apply. Messages will be sent as SMS when iMessage is unavailable, carrier messaging fees apply.

 

via Apple iTunes.

comparison of Java Map vs HashMap vs HashTable vs HashSet

Hashes in Java are robust. They all seems to be similar however there are some differences we should pay close attention to them before selecting one to use in the design. Below is the list of these Hashes with specific features on how they different from each other:

Map

. it is an interface

. An object that maps keys to values

. A map cannot contain duplicate keys; each key can map to at most one value.

. This interface takes the place of the Dictionary class, which was a totally abstract class rather than an interface.

.example

[java]
Map<String, Integer> m = new HashMap<String, Integer>();
[/java]

HashMap

. not an interface

. it is unsynchronized. So come up with better performance

. Permits nulls

. allows null values as key and value

. does not guarantee that the order of the map will remain constant over time.

.example

[java]
HashMap<Integer,String> productMap = new HashMap<Integer,String>();

productMap.put(1, "Keys");

productMap.put(2, null);
[/java]

HashTable

. doesn’t allows null values as key and value. You will get NullPointerException if you add null value.

. is synchronized. So it comes with its cost. Only one thread can access in one time

.example:

[java]
Hashtable<Integer,String>; cityTable = new Hashtable<Integer,String>();

cityTable.put(1, "New York");

cityTable.put(2, "San Franscisco");

cityTable.put(3, null); /* NullPointerEcxeption at runtime*/

System.out.println(cityTable.get(1));

System.out.println(cityTable.get(2));

System.out.println(cityTable.get(3));
[/java]

HashSet

. does not allow duplicate values.

.  It provides add method rather put method.

. it can be used where you want to maintain a unique list.

. example

[java]
HashSet<String> stateSet = new HashSet<String>();

stateSet.add ("CA");

stateSet.add ("WI");

stateSet.add ("NY");

if (stateSet.contains("PB")) /* if CA, it will not add but shows following message*/

System.out.println("Already found");

else

stateSet.add("PB");
[/java]

put your comments/feedback in the comment box.

Youtube Insult Generator

Insult Generator is a basically a "search engine for insults." Type in a search term, and it'll give you insults you can use against a person who doesn't like that term.

for example, enter the term "usa" and you will get below results:
You aren't american #
You have no heart :(
You need to diaf
You don't have an ocean...
You cant surf!
You are jealous

Each insult includes a link to its source YouTube video.

How does this search engine work?
1. It uses the YouTube API to search for the top 50 most relevant videos for your search term.
2. For each of those videos, it grabs the latest 50 comments.
3. Then it looks through all that for comments starting with a number followed by a word such as "people," "youtubers" or "nincompoops." (View source for the full list, a regular expression that would make Alex Gaynor proud.)
4. Finally, it just replaces the number and the word "people" with "You."

Insult Generator does work for 50% of times however when it works, it does pull amazing results.

click here to try it out!

!!!Insult!!!

*** don't abuse. use it wisely ***

Scala - the programming language

What is Scala?

Scala is a general purpose programming language principally targeting the Java Virtual Machine. Designed to express common programming patterns in a concise, elegant, and type-safe way,
it fuses both imperative and functional programming styles.
It smoothly integrates features of object-oriented and functional languages, enabling Java and other programmers to be more productive.
Its key features are: statically typed; advanced type-system with type inference; function types; pattern-matching; implicit parameters and conversions; operator overloading; full interop with Java

Where to download it from? http://www.scala-lang.org/

Scala on Cloud: Heroku the popular cloud service provider is supporting the Scala.

Key Features:

• Statically typed
• Advanced type-system with type inference and declaration-site variance
• Function types (including anonymous) which support closures
• Pattern-matching
• Implicit parameters and conversions which support the typeclass and pimp my library patterns
• Mixin composition
• Full interop with Java

Scala Video Tutorials:

Understanding Scala and It’s Importance:

Your First Application in Scala using Eclipse:

:

Scala Tutorial Part 1

Scala Tutorial Part 2

 

Scala Tutorial Part 3

Scala Tutorial from Stackoverflow:

1. Introduction to Scala
   • What's so great about Scala?
2. Variables/values
   • Difference between val and var
   • How to assign vals correctly?
   • Multiple variable declarations
   • lazy vals
     • What do they do?
     • How are they implemented?
3. Methods
   • Equal sign in methods
   • Operator notation and the rules
   • Leave parentheses in method calls
   • Unary operators
   • Multiple parameter lists
   • Right-associative method names
   • Side effect free methods
     • Missing parentheses at methods
     • Why no i++ in Scala?
   • How to mix punctuation with alphanumeric characters in method names?
   • Shortcut methods (+=, -=, *=, ...)
   • List of "magic method" names (apply, unapply/unapplySeq, update)
   • Named arguments / optional parameters
   • Type inference in return type
4. Literals, statements and blocks
   • Difference between block and statement
   • Weak conformance
   • Symbols
   • Difference between braces and parentheses
   • Dereference keyword (backtick usage)
   • Local definitions
5. Loops/recursion
   • Loop
     • Simple loop
     • Break out of a loop
     • How to call a function x times
   • Tail recursion
     • What is tail recursion?
     • How to write tail recursive code?
     • Performance
     • Optimization rules
   • Trampolining
6. Data structures / Collections
   • Collections design tutorial
   • Immutable Collections
     • List
     • Vector
     • Range
     • Tuple
     • Map
     • Set
   • Mutable Collections
     • Array and multi-dimensional Arrays
     • Buffer
     • How to use mutable Collections?
     • Mutating a mutable collection using map?
   • Lazy Collections
     • Why are they needed?
     • View
     • Iterator
     • Stream
     • Streams vs Views vs Iterators
     • Return a lazy collection
   • Parallel Collections
     • How do they work?
     • Is is possible to change their behavior?
   • Conversions
     • Casting and ascription
     • Java Collection to Scala Collection and vice versa
     • Convert to another Collections
     • breakout
   • Memory footprint
   • How are Scala collections able to return the correct collection type from an operation?
7. For-comprehension
   • Explanation
   • nested for-expressions
   • Use for inside expressions
   • yield is not a return
8. Enumeration
   • Explanation
9. Pattern-matching
   • Explanation
   • Value binding (x @ X) / type binding (x: X)
   • How to do a multi-match
   • Guards
   • How to match variables or values?
   • How is pattern match implemented under the hood?
   • Exhaustive pattern
   • Assignment via pattern
   • Pattern match in for-expressions
   • Ignore cases / no default value
   • Conjunction
   • Pattern match PartialFunctions
   • Match Regex
10. Classes, objects and types
    • Difference between class and object
    • Why is object a Singleton?
    • Companion objects
    • Difference between class and type
    • Static initializer
    • Constructor overloading
    • Static data in non-objects
    • How to get the static/runtime type of a class
    • Type projection (A#B)
11. Packages, imports and visibility identifiers
    • Imports
      • Multiple imports / import renames / hide imports
      • Local imports
    • Packages
      • Nested packages
      • Package objects
    • Visibility
      • Explanation
      • Private constructors
      • Private variables
12. Inheritance
    • Explanation
    • Early initializer
13. Extractors
    • Explanation (Example: conjunctions)
    • Infix notation for type parameters (X[A, B] => A X B)
14. Case classes
    • Explanation
    • case classes vs. enums
    • compiler generated code for case classes
15. Parameterized types
    • How to declare them?
    • Upper / lower bounds
    • Unify numerics
    • How to get around type erasure?
    • Abstract Types vs Generics
    • Variances
16. Traits
    • Usage
    • Mixin multiple traits
    • Traits vs abstract classes
    • Linearization
    • Mixin a trait with overridden behavior
    • Dynamic mixins
    • How are they implemented under the hood?
17. Self references
    • Unify types
    • Self reference naming
    • Multiple self references
    • Difference between self references and subtyping
18. Error handling
    • Exceptions
      • Explanation
      • Stand-alone try block
      • Ignore an exception
    • Option
      • Explanation
    • Either
      • Explanation
      • How to use them?
    • What to use?
19. Type handling
    • Context and view bounds
    • Types
      • Non-Nullable type
      • Existential type
      • Structural type ("duck typing")
      • Path-dependent type
      • Union types (type disjunction)
      • Monad type
      • Compound type in structural type
      • Compound type in self references
      • Compound type in parameterized type
    • Advantages of Scalas type system
20. Annotations
    • What are they?
    • How to use them?
21. Functions/Function literals
    • Explanation
    • Functions vs methods
    • Pass functions
    • Currying
    • PartialFunction
    • Placeholder syntax and their replacement rules
    • Difference between => Type, () => Type and Unit => Type
    • Functional Quicksort
    • Keyword return in higher order functions and performance problem with that
22. Type safety
    • Manifest
      • Explanation
      • How do they work?
      • Are Manifests possible in constructors?
    • Generalized Type Constraints (<:<, <%<, =:=)
    • Path-Dependet Types
    • Enforce type difference
23. Implicits
    • Implicit definitions / parameters
    • Implicit conversions / Monkey patching
    • Identifier implicitly
    • Where does Scala look for implicits?
    • Should they used?
    • Style of implicits
    • Convert multiple values with one implicit conversion
    • Chaining implicits
24. Pimp-my-library pattern
    • Explanation
    • CanBuildFrom
25. Actors
    • Differences between Actor implementations
    • Design Patterns
    • Worst practices
26. Use Java from Scala and vice versa
    • Iterate over Java collection
    • Migrate Java to Scala
    • Transparent conversions useful?
27. XML literals
    • Explanation
28. Scala Swing
    • Explanation
    • Examples
29. Type Programming
    • Overview
30. Functional Scala
    • Is immutability expensive?
    • Is scala functional programming slower than traditional coding?
    • OOP in a purely FP context?
    • Continuations
      • Explanation
      • How to activate them?
    • Design patterns for functional-oo hybrid languages?
    • Type programming
    • Higher kinded types
    • Virtual Classes

Further learning

1. Learning Resources
   • Learning Scala
   • Good way to learning Scala?
2. Operator precedence
3. Scala blogs to follow
4. Scala style
   • Scala Style Guide
   • Elements of Scala Style

Scala Slides and Videos:

• Overview
  • Articles
    • "Fascinating But...", article by Sean Corfield
    • Recap by Martin Odersky
• Day 0 (Wednesday, June 1st)
  • 16:15 - 17:30
• Day 1 (Thursday, June 2nd)
  • 09:00 - 10:00
    • Keynote: Martin Odersky - State of Scala
  • 10:25 - 12:05
    • WS Session 1
      • MUTS: Native Scala Constructs for Software Transactional Memory
      • Setac: A Framework for Phased Deterministic Testing of Scala Actor Programs Programs
      • Parallelizing Machine Learning (Functionally): A Framework and Abstractions for Parallel Graph Processing
    • TT Session 1: DSLs for Parallelism
      • Liszt: A DSL for solving mesh-based PDEs
      • Delite: A Framework for Heterogeneous Parallel DSLs
      • OptiML: A DSL for machine learning
    • TT Session 4: Scala enterprise experiences
      • Scala on Android: Real-world Experience at Bump Technologies
      • Pedestrian Scala: Applying Scala to performance challenges in the Cable TV Industry
      • Scala at Bizo
    • TT Session 17
      • Inhibitions: Reclaiming exceptions for better static safety in Scala
      • StagedSAC - embedded DSL for multidimensional arrays
      • Scala Domain Modeling and Architecture
  • 13:45 - 15:25
    • WS Session 2
      • Scala.react: Embedded Reactive Programming in Scala
      • Checking Flight Rules with TraceContract - Application of a Scala DSL for Trace Analysis
      • Lafros MaCS Programmable Devices: case study in type-safe API design using Scala
    • TT Session 2: IDEs
      • ENSIME: The ENhanced Scala Interaction Mode for Emacs
      • The Scala IDE for Eclipse reloaded
      • Type Debugger
    • TT Session 5: ML / linear algebra
      • Spark: Fast, Interactive, Language-Integrated Cluster Computing
      • Scalala: A Scalable Linear Algebra Library
      • Rogue: A type-safe query language for MongoDB
    • TT Session 7
      • Remote function applications: A framework towards Scala Grid Parallel Collections
      • Implementing Wadler's Arrow Calculus in Scala
      • How Scala Experience Improved Our Java Development
  • 15:50 - 17:30
    • WS Session 3
      • Loop Recognition in C++/Java/Go/Scala
      • Compiling Scala to LLVM
      • Scala+GWT: Running Scala Code in a Browser
    • TT Session 3: Parallelism
      • Scala Parallel Collections
      • Functional Approach to Distributed Programming with GridGain and Scala
      • Kafka - A distributed publish/subscribe messaging system
    • TT Session 6: DSLs II
      • Second Time's the Charm: Examining the Anti-XML Framework for Scala
      • Scala Integrated Query - more expressive database queries
      • Hammurabi - A Scala rule engine
    • TT Session 8
      • Scala from a Rubyist point of view
      • Unit testing the implicit methods that uses infrastructure code
      • ScalaU - Implementing a Scala library for Units of Measure
• Day 2 (Friday, June 3rd)
  • 09:00 - 10:00
    • Keynote: Doug Lea - Supporting the Many Flavors of Parallel Programming
  • 10:25 - 12:05
    • TT Session 9
      • A tour of the repl's :power mode
      • Parallel Distributed Collections API
      • Effective Scala
    • TT Session 11: Akka
      • Project Hydrogen: Building a distributed compute platform for design engineering with Akka and Scala
      • Above the Clouds: Introducing Cloudy Akka
      • The Promising Future of Akka
    • TT Session 13: Web
      • Finagle: A Network Stack for the JVM
      • Task-Driven Scala Web Applications
      • Play! + Scala: Adding more Fun to the equation
    • TT Session 15: Other
      • Porting my own programming language Onion's code from Java to Scala
      • Object Scala Found - a JSR223-compliant version of the scala interpreter
      • Exploring light-weight event sourcing
  • 13:45 - 15:25
    • TT Session 10: Potpourri I
      • Lightweight effect types for Scala
      • Scala and AspectJ: Approaching modularization of crosscutting functionalities
      • Scala.NET: What you can do with it today
    • TT Session 12: Potpourri II
      • A typed, composable configuration system for sbt
      • The ease of Scalaz
      • Node.scala - Implementing Scalable Async IO using Delimited Continuations
    • TT Session 14
      • Dependency Injection Strategies in Scala
      • 18 Months With Scala: Building a Driver for MongoDB
      • Anorm: plain old SQL, Using Scala Collections, Pattern Matching and Parsers to simplify an unnecessarily over-complexified task
    • TT Session 16
      • Managing Binary Compatibility in Scala
  • 15:50 - 17:30
    • Panel

comparing Kindle Fire vs. iPad 2 vs. Nook Color

In our previous post we compared “Apple iPad2 vs Amazon Kindle Fire”. In this post we are

trying to show how Kindle Fire, Nook and iPad2 are compared for Specification and Features.

 

 

via. pcmag.com

Dedicated to The Legend of Digital Age "STEVE JOBS"

A college dropout, Jobs floated through India in search of spiritual guidance prior to founding Apple - a name he suggested to his friend and co-founder Steve Wozniak after a visit to a commune in Oregon he referred to as an "apple orchard."

what people are saying around the world about the legend:

• We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today.Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives. The world is immeasurably better because of Steve.His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our hearts go out to them and to all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts. - Apple Board of Directors


• ""Michelle and I are saddened to learn of the passing of Steve Jobs. Steve was among the greatest of American innovators - brave enough to think differently, bold enough to believe he could change the world, and talented enough to do it. By building one of the planet's most successful companies from his garage, he exemplified the spirit of American ingenuity. By making computers personal and putting the internet in our pockets, he made the information revolution not only accessible, but intuitive and fun. And by turning his talents to storytelling, he has brought joy to millions of children and grownups alike. Steve was fond of saying that he lived every day like it was his last. Because he did, he transformed our lives, redefined entire industries, and achieved one of the rarest feats in human history: he changed the way each of us sees the world.The world has lost a visionary. And there may be no greater tribute to Steve's success than the fact that much of the world learned of his passing on a device he invented. Michelle and I send our thoughts and prayers to Steve's wife Laurene, his family, and all those who loved him."" - US President Barack Obama


• “the world rarely sees someone who has had the profound impact Steve has had, the effects of which will be felt for many generations to come.”“Steve and I first met nearly 30 years ago, and have been colleagues, competitors and friends over the course of more than half our lives,” he said. “For those of us lucky enough to get to work with him, it’s been an insanely great honour. I will miss Steve immensely.” - Bill Gates
  


• "Steve, thank you for being a mentor and a friend. Thanks for showing that what you build can change the world. I will miss you." - Mark Zuckerberg
  


• “From the earliest days of Google, whenever Larry and I sought inspiration for vision and leadership, we needed to look no farther than Cupertino.“Steve, your passion for excellence is felt by anyone who has ever touched an Apple product (including the macbook I am writing this on right now). And I have witnessed it in person the few times we have met.” - Sergey Brin
  


• “The designers talked about having built a computer that they themselves wanted to use, rather than what customers were telling them they wanted. I didn’t understand it then, but what they were talking about was how you create a new market, rather than limit yourself to the definition of an existing market. It requires a leap of faith, thinking differently. The Mac’s screen was white, not black, so it would look and feel more natural, like paper. It was “user-friendly,” and it had a unique “look and feel.” Even the vocabulary used to describe this tool was new.” “A decade or so later, Steve made a crucial breakthrough with the iPod and the beginning of the digital revolution in media. The iPod and the iTunes Store began to change the computer from a tool into something personal, something that we became attached to because it reflected who we were, or wanted to be. And then, he changed the world again with the iPhone. Instead of simply being a phone, he envisioned a tool with no buttons, and a natural user interface that we would interact with using our fingers on smooth glass, as if we were directly touching whatever was displayed on the screen. A phone with no buttons — another leap of faith. He taught us to stretch and rotate photos with our fingers. He also taught us the Zen of touch-screen auto-correction typing, something which admittedly some of us do better than others.” - Pierre Omidyar


• ‎3 Apples changed the World - 1st one seduced Eve, 2nd fell on Newton and the 3rd was offered to the world, half bitten by Steve Jobs.- Times of India
  

"But once you're gone, you belong to the world."

May God Rest his soul in peace!!!

read more about Steve Jobs at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs

Speeding up Fibonacci computation using Caching

Dynamic programming is essentially a tradeoff of space for time. Repeatedly re-computing a given quantity is harmless unless the time spent doing so becomes a bottleneck in the performance. In this case we should better be storing/caching the previously calculated values and looking them up when needed instead of re-computing.

Think about computing a Fibonacci number by recursion:

Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2  (with F0 = 0, F1 = 1)

Lets explore the two different solutions. one without the caching and other with caching.

Example 1: code without the knowledge of the previous calculated values (caching/table lookup):

[cpp]

long Fib(int n)

{

if(n == 0) return 0;
if(n == 1 ) return 1;

return Fib(n-1) + Fib(n-2);

}

[/cpp]

Example 2: code with caching or table lookup.

In this example, we will first check if the Fib(n) already exists in the lookup table. If exists then we will use it else we will compute and store the computed result in the lookup table for future reference. Caches/Lookup table is useful here as the value 'Fib(n)' for a given number 'n' is always constant e.g. Fib(3) = 2 always.

[cpp]

#define UNKNOWN -1 /*for empty cell or item not found*/
long Cache[MAX]; /*we use table/array here however building
HashTable would be more efficient in space however arrays are
efficient in lookup time*/
long Fib(int n)
{
int i;

Cache[0] = 0;
Cache[1] = 1;

for(i=2; i< n; i++)  Cache[i] = UNKNOWN;

return FibCache(n);

}

long FibCache(int n)
{

if(Cache[n] == UNKNOWN)
Cache[n] = FibCache(n-1) + FinCache(n-2);

return Cache[n];

}

[/cpp]

Why Example 2 is faster than Example 1?

The first example always calculates Fib(i) whenever it encounters in the recursion cycle. e.g.  in calculation of Fib(6), we need to calculate Fib(5) and Fib(4). Fib(5) again needs to calculate Fib(4). So here we are calculating Fib(4) twice.

If you look at Example 2, we have a lookup array created which keeps track of previously calculated value at a specified index in the array. e.g. Fib(4) will be stored in Cache[4] with value 3. So when the program goes to calculate the Fib(5), it checks if Fib(4) is already exists in the lookup table. if yes then it uses and proceeds ahead without investing time in recalculating it.

Apple iPad2 vs Amazon Kindle Fire

iPad vs. Kindle Fire: Which is right for you?

Here is a glimpse at how these two devices stack up in some key features.

1. Screen:

iPad2: 9.7-inch display

Kindle Fire: 7-inch display

2. Price:

iPad2: $499

Kindle Fire: $199

3. Apps:

iPad2: has access to more than 425,000 apps in the Apple Store.

Kindle Fire: runs on a modified version of Google's Android operating system. That means users will have access to several thousand apps in Amazon's app store for Android. Amazon has optimized the Fire for its own content, like streaming movies, e-books and music.

4. Weight:

Fire is smaller and 50% lighter than the iPad

5. Features:

iPad2:

Thinner, lighter - It’s 33 percent thinner and up to 15 percent lighter,

Dual-core A5 chip - Two powerful cores in one A5 chip mean iPad can do twice the work at once.

Superfast graphics - With up to nine times the graphics performance, gameplay on iPad is even smoother and more realistic.

Battery life keeps on going – 10 hours battery

Two cameras - one on the front and one on the back. They’re designed for FaceTime video calling

iPad Smart Cover – Cover works side-by-side with iPad — and on top and underneath it, too. Smart magnetic technology built into each really pulls them together. The iPad Smart Cover falls perfectly into place and stays put to protect your iPad screen, yet doesn’t add bulk to its thin, light design.

LED-backlit display - LED backlighting makes everything you see remarkably crisp, vivid, and bright. Even in places with low light, like an airplane.

Multi-Touch - You use your fingers to do everything, so everything you do — surfing the web, typing email, reading books, and swiping through photos — is easier and a lot more fun.

iOS 4 , The world’s most advanced mobile operating system. - It lets you browse, read, and see everything just by touching the screen. It includes all the powerful, innovative, and fun built-in apps you use every day

Instant On - press the Home button, and it wakes from sleep instantly.

Wi-Fi and 3G - iPad is built with advanced 802.11n wireless technology. It automatically finds Wi-Fi networks, which you can join with a few taps. iPad is also available with 3G connectivity on either AT&T or Verizon Wireless networks.

Gyro, accelerometer, and compass - With the built-in accelerometer, you can rotate iPad to portrait or landscape, or even upside down, and whatever you’re watching, reading, or seeing adjusts to fit the display.

AirPlay - stream wirelessly to your HDTV and speakers via AirPlay-enabled speakers or Apple TV on a Wi-Fi network.

Video mirroring - plug in the Apple Digital AV Adapter or Apple VGA Adapter and your HDTV or projector becomes a bigger version of your iPad.

AirPrint - Print your email, photos, web pages, and documents right from your iPad over Wi-Fi.

 

iPad2 Technical Details:

Models

Size and Weight¹

• Height: 9.50 inches (241.2 mm)
• Width: 7.31 inches (185.7 mm)
• Depth: 0.34 inch (8.8 mm)
• Weight: 1.33 pounds (601 g)

• Height: 9.50 inches (241.2 mm)
• Width: 7.31 inches (185.7 mm)
• Depth: 0.34 inch (8.8 mm)
• Weight: 1.35 pounds (613 g)
  (Wi-Fi + 3G model)
• Weight: 1.34 pounds (607 g)
  (Wi-Fi + 3G for Verizon model)

Storage²

16GB

32GB

64GB

16GB

32GB

64GB

Wireless and Cellular

• Wi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n)
• Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR technology

• Wi-Fi + 3G model: UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA (850, 900, 1900, 2100 MHz); GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz)
• Wi-Fi + 3G for Verizon model: CDMA EV-DO Rev. A (800, 1900 MHz)
• Data only³
• Wi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n)
• Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR technology

Learn more about Wi-Fi + 3G

Carriers

Display

• 9.7-inch (diagonal) LED-backlit glossy widescreen Multi-Touch display with IPS technology
• 1024-by-768-pixel resolution at 132 pixels per inch (ppi)
• Fingerprint-resistant oleophobic coating
• Support for display of multiple languages and characters simultaneously

Chip

• 1GHz dual-core Apple A5 custom-designed, high-performance, low-power system-on-a-chip

Cameras, Photos, and Video Recording

• Back camera: Video recording, HD (720p) up to 30 frames per second with audio; still camera with 5x digital zoom
• Front camera: Video recording, VGA up to 30 frames per second with audio; VGA-quality still camera
• Tap to control exposure for video or stills
• Photo and video geotagging over Wi-Fi

Power and Battery⁴

• Built-in 25-watt-hour rechargeable lithium-polymer battery
• Up to 10 hours of surfing the web on Wi-Fi, watching video, or listening to music
• Charging via power adapter or USB to computer system

• Built-in 25-watt-hour rechargeable lithium-polymer battery
• Up to 10 hours of surfing the web on Wi-Fi, watching video, or listening to music
• Up to 9 hours of surfing the web using 3G data network
• Charging via power adapter or USB to computer system

Input/Output

• 30-pin dock connector port
• 3.5-mm stereo headphone minijack
• Built-in speaker
• Microphone

• 30-pin dock connector port
• 3.5-mm stereo headphone minijack
• Built-in speaker
• Microphone
• Micro-SIM card tray (Wi-Fi + 3G model)

Sensors

• Three-axis gyro
• Accelerometer
• Ambient light sensor

• Three-axis gyro
• Accelerometer
• Ambient light sensor

Location

• Wi-Fi
• Digital compass

• Wi-Fi
• Digital compass
• Assisted GPS
• Cellular

Audio Playback

• Frequency response: 20Hz to 20,000Hz
• Audio formats supported: HE-AAC (V1 and V2), AAC (8 to 320 Kbps), Protected AAC (from iTunes Store), MP3 (8 to 320 Kbps), MP3 VBR, Audible (formats 2, 3, and 4, Audible Enhanced Audio, AAX, and AAX+), Apple Lossless, AIFF, and WAV
• User-configurable maximum volume limit
• Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound pass-through with Apple Digital AV Adapter (sold separately)

TV and Video

• Video mirroring and video out support: Up to 1080p with Apple Digital AV Adapter or Apple VGA Adapter (cables sold separately)
• Video out support at 576p and 480p with Apple Component AV Cable; 576i and 480i with Apple Composite AV Cable
• Video formats supported: H.264 video up to 720p, 30 frames per second, Main Profile level 3.1 with AAC-LC audio up to 160 Kbps, 48kHz, stereo audio in .m4v, .mp4, and .mov file formats; MPEG-4 video, up to 2.5 Mbps, 640 by 480 pixels, 30 frames per second, Simple Profile with AAC-LC audio up to 160 Kbps per channel, 48kHz, stereo audio in .m4v, .mp4, and .mov file formats; Motion JPEG (M-JPEG) up to 35 Mbps, 1280 by 720 pixels, 30 frames per second, audio in ulaw, PCM stereo audio in .avi file format

Mail Attachment Support

Viewable document types: .jpg, .tiff, .gif (images); .doc and .docx (Microsoft Word); .htm and .html (web pages); .key (Keynote); .numbers (Numbers); .pages (Pages); .pdf (Preview and Adobe Acrobat); .ppt and .pptx (Microsoft PowerPoint); .txt (text); .rtf (rich text format); .vcf (contact information); .xls and .xlsx (Microsoft Excel)

Languages

• Language support for English (U.S.), English (UK), French (France), German, Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Norwegian, Korean, Japanese, Russian, Polish, Turkish, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Arabic, Thai, Czech, Greek, Hebrew, Indonesian, Malay, Romanian, Slovak, Croatian, Catalan, and Vietnamese
• Keyboard support for English (U.S.), English (UK), French (France), French (Canadian), French (Switzerland), German, Traditional Chinese (Handwriting, Pinyin, Zhuyin, Cangjie, Wubihua), Simplified Chinese (Handwriting, Pinyin, Wubihua), Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Norwegian, Korean, Japanese (Romaji, Ten Key), Japanese (Kana), Russian, Polish, Turkish, Ukrainian, Estonian, Hungarian, Icelandic, Lithuanian, Latvian, Flemish, Arabic, Thai, Czech, Greek, Hebrew, Indonesian, Malay, Romanian, Slovak, Croatian, Bulgarian, Serbian (Cyrillic/Latin), Catalan, Vietnamese, Tibetan, Macedonian, and Cherokee
• Dictionary support (enables predictive text and autocorrect) for English (U.S.), English (UK), French, German, Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Norwegian, Korean, Japanese (Romaji), Japanese (Kana), Russian, Polish, Turkish, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Flemish, Arabic, Thai, Czech, Greek, Hebrew, Indonesian, Malaysian, Romanian, Slovak, Croatian, Catalan, Vietnamese, and Cherokee

Accessibility

• Support for playback of closed-captioned content
• VoiceOver screen reader
• Full-screen zoom magnification
• White on black display
• Mono audio

Environmental Requirements

• Operating temperature: 32° to 95° F (0° to 35° C)
• Nonoperating temperature: -4° to 113° F (-20° to 45° C)
• Relative humidity: 5% to 95% noncondensing
• Maximum operating altitude: 10,000 feet (3000 m)

Mac System Requirements

• Mac computer with USB 2.0 port
• Mac OS X v10.5.8 or later
• iTunes 10.2 or later recommended
  (free download from www.itunes.com/download)
• iTunes Store account
• Internet access

Windows System Requirements

• PC with USB 2.0 port
• Windows 7; Windows Vista; or Windows XP Home or Professional with Service Pack 3 or later
• iTunes 10.2 or later recommended
  (free download from www.itunes.com/download)
• iTunes Store account
• Internet access

In the Box

• iPad
• Dock Connector to USB Cable
• 10W USB Power Adapter
• Documentation

Environmental Status Report

iPad embodies Apple’s continuing environmental progress. It is designed with the following features to reduce environmental impact:

• Arsenic-free display glass
• BFR-free
• Mercury-free LED-backlit display
• PVC-free
• Recyclable aluminum and glass enclosure

Kindle Fire:

Stunning Color Touchscreen - on a 7" vibrant color touchscreen that delivers 16 million colors in high resolution.

Magazines in Rich Color – read magazines with glossy, full-color layouts, photographs and illustrations.

Beautifully Simple and Easy to Use - Designed from the ground up, Kindle Fire's simple, intuitive interface puts the content you love at your fingertips - spin effortlessly through your recent titles and websites straight from the home screen.

100,000 Movies and TV Shows – browse through Amazon’s store

Fast, Dual-Core Processor - features a state-of-the-art dual-core processor for fast, powerful performance.

Your Favorite Apps and Games – on Amazon Store

Ultra-fast web browsing - Amazon Silk - is a revolutionary, cloud-accelerated browser that uses a "split browser" architecture to leverage the computing speed and power of the Amazon Web Services cloud.

Millions of Books, music, children’s books– on Amazon Book store

Free Cloud Storage – its free Amazon offer

Easy to hold in one hand - Designed to travel with you wherever you go

Extra Durable Display - Kindle Fire display is chemically strengthened to be 20 times stiffer and 30 times harder than plastic

Amazon Whispersync - Kindle Fire uses Amazon's Whispersync technology to automatically sync your library, last page read, bookmarks, notes, and highlights across your devices. On Kindle Fire, Whispersync extends to video. Start streaming a movie on Kindle Fire, then pick up right where you left off on your TV

Kindle Fire Technical Details

Display
7" multi-touch display with IPS (in-plane switching) technology and anti-reflective treatment, 1024 x 600 pixel resolution at 169 ppi, 16 million colors.

Size (in inches)
7.5" x 4.7" x 0.45" (190 mm x 120 mm x 11.4 mm).

Weight
14.6 ounces (413 grams).

System Requirements
None, because it's wireless and doesn't require a computer.

On-device Storage
8GB internal. That's enough for 80 apps, plus 10 movies or 800 songs or 6,000 books.

Cloud Storage
Free cloud storage for all Amazon content

Battery Life
Up to 8 hours of continuous reading or 7.5 hours of video playback, with wireless off. Battery life will vary based on wireless usage, such as web browsing and downloading content.

Charge Time
Fully charges in approximately 4 hours via included U.S. power adapter. Also supports charging from your computer via USB.

Wi-Fi Connectivity
Supports public and private Wi-Fi networks or hotspots that use the 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, or 802.1X standard with support for WEP, WPA and WPA2 security using password authentication; does not support connecting to ad-hoc (or peer-to-peer) Wi-Fi networks.

USB Port
USB 2.0 (micro-B connector)

Audio
3.5 mm stereo audio jack, top-mounted stereo speakers.

Content Formats Supported
Kindle (AZW), TXT, PDF, unprotected MOBI, PRC natively, Audible (Audible Enhanced (AA, AAX)), DOC, DOCX, JPEG, GIF, PNG, BMP, non-DRM AAC, MP3, MIDI, OGG, WAV, MP4, VP8.

Documentation
Quick Start Guide(included in box); Kindle User's Guide (pre-installed on device)

Warranty and Service
1-year limited warranty and service included. Optional 2-year Extended Warranty available for U.S. customers sold separately. Use of Kindle is subject to the terms found here.

Included in the Box
Kindle Fire device, U.S. power adapter (supports 100-240V), and Quick Start Guide.

 

 

 

The bottom line is that, both tablets appear to be good options for people who just want a basic portable computer for light Web surfing and content consumption.

 

let us know what’s your take on the Amazon Kindle Fire?